Recently, desert and desertification issues are known as one of the most problem in most countries especially developing countries. With an attention to the natural resources of Iran we can concluded that the most of Iranian lands are classified as deserts. Desert scientists believe that in addition to natural factors, human factors has a significant and important role in desertification. As natural factors are the most of the desertification criteria, models of desertification potential assessment are provided locally. In this time, using of desertification models is the best method for assessment of effective factors on land degradation and desertification severity from experts viewing. Despite of models abundance, one model is the best that has adapted considering to environmental and human conditions. To assess desertification, various research done in outside and inside of Iran. Zehtabian et al (2008) was evaluated soil and water criteria base on Medalus methodology in Ain-e- Khosh’s Dehloran and presented desertification map at the end of research. Desertification intensity class is critical for the entire region based on desertification map. Shakerian et al., (2012)  Evaluated desertification intensity in Jarghooyeh region, based on IMDPA model.their results showed that, this area classified in low class of desertification. According to the new definition of Desert, more parts of Iran encounter desertification problem. In order to challenging with desertification, it is necessary to do some scientific research and assessment in different parts of the country. The results may help to control and reduce the damages resulted from this phenomenon. The aim of this research would be the effects of climate indicator on desertification with method Iranian Model (IMDPA) in central part of Iran.

هرچند تالاب ها زمانی بهترین تفرجگاه­های ایران به شمار می­رفتند، ولی در اثر عواملی همچون مدیریت غیرکارا، تعارض انسان-تالاب، تعارضات اجتماعی و عوامل طبیعی، بسیاری از آنها امروزه خشک شده و از بین رفته­اند. مقاله حاضر با هدف ساماندهی تالاب هشیلان کرمانشاه از طریق ظرفیت­سازی و مشارکت اجتماعی، بر اساس یافته­های حاصل از اجرای طرح ساماندهی تالاب هشیلان با رویکرد ظرفیت­سازی اجتماعی انجام شده است. شیوه پژوهش، مشارکتی با کارکرد تحقیق در عمل است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، نهادهای محلی و دولتی و همچنین زنان و مردان روستاهای حوضه تالاب مخصوصاً روستاییان هشیلان است. برای ساماندهی تالاب هشیلان، از ابزار سیپا (برقراری ارتباط، آموزش و آگاهی عمومی) به عنوان ابزاری برای ظرفیت­سازی و مشارکت اجتماعی استفاده شد. برای برقراری ارتباط با جامعه و نهادهای محلی و دولتی در جهت برجسته‏ سازی اهمیت تالاب، جشنواره­ای برگزار و کارگاه­های آموزشی برای مردم روستای هشیلان اجرا شد. همچنین در راستای ارائه برنامه­های راهبردی، نشست­ هایی با معتمدان محلی تدارک دیده شد و از طریق پرسشنامه موردبررسی قرار گرفتند. داده‏ها با نرم افزار SPSS26 تحلیل شدند و تکنیک SWOT مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. طبق نتایج، برقراری ارتباط، آموزش، آگاهی و همچنین برگزاری جلسات آموزشی، مهم ترین عوامل مؤثر در حفاظت و حمایت از تالاب هشیلان به دست آمدند. همچنین توسعه گردشگری و بهره­برداری پایدار می تواند نقش مهمی در توانمندسازی جوانان روستایی و کسب درآمد پایدار داشته و زمینه را برای کاهش مهاجرت آنها به نقاط اطراف فراهم کند.

Ahar located at the northwestern of IRAN, Eastern Azarbaijan Province and its geogeraphical matrix is northern width of 38 dergee, 18 minutes to 39 degree. this region is a semiarid and cold continent. special topographical situation of this region, crinkle heights, deep and narrow valleys, hilly lands and mountains are the major factors effective on transmittal of civil and rural population hubs. this factors restricted the agricultural development of this region, as well as provide abilities for tourism in this region, on the other hand, due to natural resources and mineral mines, high bio-ecological abilities such as having abundant water sources and plants, has much ability for development in this fields. Through management and planning may be stipulated the development of this city. from the view of which 63.8% are farmlands and 36.2% are highland villages. surveying of historical earthquake as of this region shows that there are active and inactive and inactive faults in the region that avoids from growth of population and economic structures. surveying the mutations of employed persons in the city in separation of activity type indicates that there has been created 3737 new jobs in the city in service sector of which 3200 jobs related to the agricultural, constructional and other employed rate was fixed. the foregoing mutations may be considered as centralization of this region that is a center for providing administrative and commercial services for ahar rural regions.in this regions.in this research, we survey the role of natural factors in development of this region and transmittal of population and activity hubs.

پژوهش حاضر با هدف الگوی عوامل موثر بر رعایت اخلاق پژوهش به عنوان یکی از مولفه های دانشگاه اخلاق گرا با رویکرد سنتزپژوهشی انجام شد. این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و با روش سنتزپژوهشی انجام گرفته است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق، همه مطالعات داخلی و خارجی انجام شده در بین سالهای 1385 الی 1403 است. در این راستا 78 اسناد و مقالات مرتبط با موضوع موردنظر ارزیابی و درنهایت 22 پژوهش به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شد و با تحلیل محتوا و ترکیب ادبیات مربوط، درمجموع 60 کد محوری و 10 مقوله کلی طی فرایند ترکیب نظام مند متون شناسایی و مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت و اعتبار آن از طریق آزمون کاپای کوهن تأیید گردید. نتایج یافته ها نشان داد که عوامل فردی ( شخصیت اخلاقی پژوهشگر، صداقت پژوهشگر، باورهای دینی پژوهشگر وتامین مالی پژوهشگر) عوامل درون دانشگاهی(حمایت، سازوکار قانونی و عوامل اداری آموزشی) و عوامل برون دانشگاهی(فرهنگ سازی، حاکمیت ارزش ها و تدوین سیاست های تعاملی پژوهش) در ارتقای اخلاق پژوهش در دانشگاه اخلاق گرا تاثیر گذار است.

A review of earthquakes occurring in Iran during the last three decades (since 1983 up to the present) indicates the outbreak of many earthquakes, eight cases of which having a magnitude of above 7. Review of major natural disasters of the 20th century shows that earthquake is one of the most dreadful disasters of the world, four cases of which have occurred during the past century in Iran. According to the above evidence and the tectonic maps, Iran is located in an earthquake prone zone; therefore, reducing the risks of earthquakes should always be considered in all fields of human activity, especially in architecture and construction. Taking pre-emptive measures to tackle natural disasters especially earthquakes through observing the principles of architecture and urban construction, and observing the system of urban and rural construction management is a priority and an important strategy for sustaining the development of the country which can decrease the damage caused by earthquakes. From this point of view, the consideration of the way buildings are prone to earthquake and choosing the methods suitable for the structural socio-economic conditions and natural environment are among the most important measures to be taken. If vulnerable spots of buildings are not taken seriously, damage to buildings may continue. Given that among the natural disasters of the last two decades, Manjil Earthquake, June 1990, and Bam Earthquake, December 2003, were greater than the previous disasters in terms of property damage and loss of life, and since there is more evidence available about them, examination of and diagnosis of man-made factors in theses two major earthquakes become especially important. The present article comprises three main sections. The first section focuses on the behavior of buildings in the epicenters of the earthquakes, namely the provinces of Gilan, Zanjan and Kerman. The second section highlights the damage inflicted upon the buildings and their vulnerable weak parts, and the final section summarizes the ignored matters and concludes by providing regular strategy of diminishing the losses.

Literature and purpose: Failure to pay attention to the protection of water resources, soil and plant resources has caused the destruction of these resources. Among the effective factors in this destruction, we can point out land use conversion without a comprehensive approach, cutting down forests, destroying rangeland, drought, damage by pests and diseases. Pests and plant diseases in the forests and rangelands of the country are considered one of the most important factors of forest destruction. For the prevention and management of the outbreak of pests and plant diseases, there is a need for monitoring and a comprehensive management plan for pests and plant diseases. As the largest province in the country, Kerman province is part of the Turani, Iran zone, and out of the total area of 181737 square kilometers of this province, about 5% of agricultural land, 45% of rangeland, 13% of forest and 37% of desert.Methodology: To evaluate and monitor the status of the most important pests and pathogens of the main plants and considering the diversity of environmental conditions and the area of forests and natural rangeland in Kerman province, sampling was carried out during the years 2018 to 2020. The monitoring plan was implemented in Dehno, Babzangi, Kohpanj and Glochar stations as well as Yazdanabad and Raviz areas as two mountain almond tree habitats. The most important forest communities (trees-shrubs) and rangeland in the mentioned areas are Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb. , Amygdalus scoparia Spach. , Amygdalus elaeagnifolia Spach., Artemisia aucheri Boiss's, Artemisia siberi Besser, Stipa arabica Trin. & Rupr and Zygophyllum atriplicoides Fisch. & C. A. Mey. Periodic sampling of pests and pathogens was done in those plants in the desired parts. In sampling, the type and level of contamination with pests and pathogens were recorded. Due to the thinness of the almond forests in the investigated areas in Kerman province, the transect sampling method was used in the form of continuous lines. Data collection from rangeland areas was done during field visits of representative plant types. Sampling in this range was based on systematic random method.  Result: Based on the investigations carried out at the Dehno Bardsir station as the habitat of Z. atriplicoides, the seed-eating moth from the Lepidoptera order, at the Dehno Bardsir and kohpanj Bardsir stations as the habitat of S. arabica, the Tranzscheliella iranica S. and Dehno Bardsir and Kohpanj Bardsir stations as habitats of A. aucheri and A. siberi, Gallfly from the family of Cecidomyiidae was isolated and identified with about 4% contamination, also from Yazdanabad Zarand region as a habitat of A. scoparia, wood-borer beetle capnodis tenebrionis with about 30% contamination and from Raviz area of Rafsanjan as a habitat of A. elaeagnifolia, mistletoe Loranthus grewinkii Boiss. & Buhse was detected with about 60% contamination. The population fluctuations of the pests of seed-eating moth, gallfly and wood-borer beetle in mountain almonds and the the stipa smut pathogen in the years of monitoring of damaging agents in the studied areas was almost constant and no particular fluctuation was observed in these agents population. However, the population of mistletoe as a semi-parasitic plant based on A. elaeagnifolia decreased in the studied area in 2019 and again in 2020, it was returned to the level of the previous years. The reason for the decrease in the population of L. grewinkii in 2019 was the pruning of the infested tree branches to the mistletoe plant. Conclusion: Due to the unprincipled pruning, this semi-parasitic plant grew again from the previous contaminated places and reached the previous population level in the following year, according to the results of the seed-eating moth pests. The dormant Gallfly, and the stipa smut have a low population, and based on their population fluctuations in the studied years, they were in equilibrium with the host plants in their natural environment and do not have an overflowing state. Based on the results, the populations of C. tenebrionis and L. grewinkii are high in the host plants, causing severe damage and reducing the growth and reproduction of the host. It is necessary to continue detection pests and diseases in different regions in order to monitor the existing factors and the newfound factors to prevent their entry and spread.

So far, different statistics have been presented for the area of deserts in the world and Iran by individuals and organizations. The reason for this difference is mainly due to the disagreement among experts in providing a comprehensive definition of desert and factors affecting its formation. In this paper, the factors of natural environment, such as climate, vegetation, geomorphology, soil, geology and hydrology, whose effects are directly or indirectly involved in the emergence and general appearance of the desert, were investigated. Therefore, to identify and define the desert ranges in terms of the study factors, a number of indicators were defined, based on which desert zones were identified for each factor individually. Then, digital maps were produced by overlaying the layers. Results showed that the largest area of desert regions in Iran with a surface of 693690 and 567711 square kilometers is influenced by climatic and vegetation factors, respectively, and the least area of desert regions with a surface area of 208041 and 272, 258 km is affected by the geological and geomorphologic factors, respectively. From the aspect of soil science, the area of desert regions in Iran covers a surface of 514930 km2. The total area of deserts was calculated to be 9007293 square kilometers, which accounts for 55 percent of the total area of Iran.